2023 ap csa frq

The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,000 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves seven million students and their parents ...

2023 ap csa frq. 2023 AP Computer Science A FRQ 1A Review & ExplanationLink to the released FRQs: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap23-frq-comp-sci-a.pdfCheck ou...

Scoring guidelines for the Create performance task written response prompts will be unique every year and are not provided in advance. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected].

Directions: Answer Question 1 and Question 2. Answer either Question 3 or Question 4. Write your responses in the Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Response booklet. You must write your response to each question on the lined page designated for that response. Each response is expected to fit within the space provided.Same lmao (actor observer bias part). You don't need that high of a raw score to get a 5 most of the time. The picky-est test I took was 2022s AP Macro (worst 1 rate that year- 34%), you basically needed a high 80 to get a 5. I missed a few of the hard mcq towards the end and got about 25/30 on the frqs and got a 4.As usual, our AP Exam predictions for 2023 had some winners (SOCV, DUFS, purpose of random assignment, interpret slope) and some big losers (wrong significance test!). So here goes with our first attempt at solutions (please be gentle if we have any errors!) Click here to see the free response questions for the 2023 AP Statistics Exam.Art and Design: Friday, May 5, 2023 (8 p.m. ET), was the deadline for AP Art and Design students to submit portfolios as final to the AP Program in the AP Digital Portfolio. Week 2 Schedule : 8 a.m. Local Time. 12 p.m. Local Time. 2 p.m. Local Time. Monday, May 8, 2023. Calculus AB. Calculus BC. Computer Science Principles. Italian Language and ...Ap Csa 2023 Frq Answers Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens.Ap Csa 2023 Frq Answers 5 Steps to a 5: AP Computer Science Principles 2024 Elite Student Edition Julie Schacht Sway 2023-07-31 AP Teachers' #1 Choice! Ready to succeed in your AP course and ace your exam? Our 5 Steps to a 5 guides explain the tough stuff, offer tons of practice and explanations, and help you make the most efficient use of ...Java Quick Reference. Java Quick Reference. Accessible methods from the Java library that may be included in the exam. Class Constructors and Methods. Explanation String Class. String(String str) Constructs a new. String. object that represents the same sequence of characters as.

Join us for a live review of AP Biology with Tiffany Jones from AP Bio PenguinsTEST DAY CHECKLIST:https://marcolearning.com/test-day-checklist/FREE SCORE PRE...2023 AP Exam Information. Date: May 3rd, 2023. Enrolling in AP College Board. ... To see past Free Response questions, students can go here. The best way to prepare for the exam is to practice with old exams!! Try 2016 and 2017. AP Test Taking Strategies: Check out this document.for the frq part of the exam when it has you implement code for a method, do you write the method header in your answer? i don't know if you're required to but just do it it doesn't take very long and can help you out, especially if you can't remember if you're supposed to return an int or double or something like that.The free-response questions for this exam are posted on apstudent.collegeboard.org and, for teachers, on AP Central: ... For teachers: apcentral.collegeboard.org Scoring guidelines for teachers are usually posted over the summer. 2022 AP CSA EXAM ~ FREE-RESPONSE SOLUTIONS 3 Question 1 Part (a) public int getScore() { ... 5/3/2023 9:05:43 PM ...Draw a correctl y labeled aggregate demand-aggregate supply graph that shows PL

The AP* Computer Science A exam requires patience and attention to detail. Students are expected to write complete solutions to 4 AP* Computer Science Free Response Questions in 1 hour and 30 minutes. Students are also expected to answer 40 multiple-choice questions in 1 hour and 30 minutes. Listed below are some AP* CS A review slides that ...Here are some more specifics on the topics of FRQs: Prompt 1 is always about methods and objects and basic concepts like that and it’s usually pretty straightforward topic so they make the prompt itself super tricky esp this years prompt was hard to understand. Promot two is always about classes. This is the easiest FRQ imo and you should try ...2014 AP® COMPUTER SCIENCE A FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS. 4. The menu at a lunch counter includes a variety of sandwiches, salads, and drinks. The menu also allows a customer to create a "trio," which consists of three menu items: a sandwich, a salad, and a drink. The price of the trio is the sum of the two highest-priced menu items in the trio ...calculated value: 0.00250 mol CH 3 NH 3 Cl × 67.52 g. 1 mol. = 0.169 g. (b) For a correct description of step 1: Accept one of the following: Use the spatula, balance, and weighing paper to measure out exactly 0.169 g of CH 3 NH 3 Cl( s ) . Use the balance to weigh out the mass of solid in part (a).2019 AP CSA FRQ 4. Posted Sep 19, 2023 . By Alexander Lu. 8 min read. 2019 APCSA FRQ 4. The LightBoard class models a two-dimensional display of lights, where each light is either on or off, as represented by a Boolean value. You will implement a constructor to initialize the display and a method to evaluate a light. ... Aug 27, 2023 Java ...on the 30 selected slips of paper to concrete with fibers and assign the remaining 30 driveways to concrete without fibers. out P 30 white marbles and 30 black marbles in an urn and mix well.

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You will only earn credit for what you write in the separate Free Response booklet. 1. Part A. Steve is in the kitchen happily making breakfast for his four children, who are all playing together in the living room. After hearing a loud crash, Steve becomes quite upset and rushes into the living room, where he sees a lamp shattered on the floor.This question tested the student’s ability to: • Write program code to call methods. • Write program code to satisfy method specifications using expressions, conditional statements,Question 1. It is suggested that you spend 15 minutes reading the question, analyzing and evaluating the sources, and 40 minutes writing your response. Note: You may begin writing your response before the reading period is over. (This question counts as one-third of the total essay section score.)AP Computer Science A Session 6 – FRQ (Question 3: Array/ArrayList) Users of a website are asked to provide a review of the website at the end of each visit. Each review, represented by an object of the Review class, consists of an integer indicating the user’s rating of the website and an optional String comment field.AP® COMPUTER SCIENCE A SCORING GUIDELINES Apply the question assessment rubric first, which always takes precedence. Penalty points can only be deducted in a part of the question that has earned credit via the question rubric. No part of a question (a, b, c) may have a negative point total. A given penalty can be assessed only once for a ... AP® COMPUTER SCIENCE A SCORING GUIDELINES Apply the question assessment rubric first, which always takes precedence. Penalty points can only be deducted in a part of the question that has earned credit via the question rubric. No part of a question (a, b, c) may have a negative point total.

Web2023 AP Calculus AB Free Response Questions Louis A. Talman, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Mathematics Metropolitan State University of Denver May 16, 2023 1. (a) The integral … WebAp Csa 2023 Frq Answers Be Prepared for the AP Calculus Exam Mark Howell 2016-05-02 Multiple Choice and Free Response Questions in Preparation for the AP ...AP Computer Science A Picture Lab Student Guide. In this lab you will write methods that modify digital pictures. In writing these methods, you will learn how to traverse a two-dimensional array of integers or objects. You will also be introduced to nested loops, binary numbers, interfaces, and inheritance. PDF.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Questions 1–3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4–7 are short free-response questions that require about 9 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each. For each question, show your work for each part in the space provided after that part.Top. The Create performance task for 2023-24 will still consist of three components—program code, video, and instead of the written response, a student-authored Personalized Project Reference containing screen captures of their list and procedure. Students are required to spend at least 9 hours of in-class time developing their program code ...A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior.Figure 1. A simplified model of the regulation of expression of Pho target genes in (A) a high-phosphate (high-Pi) environment and (B) a low-phosphate (low-Pi) environment. To study the role of the different proteins in the PHO pathway, researchers used a wild-type strain of yeast to create a strain with a mutant form of Pho81 (pho81mt) and a ...Now showing: Sweden - Postage stamps - 1949 - World Gymnastics Festival, Stockholm - Inscription "LINGIADEN 1949" - 2 stamps. 27. July WM: None Design: Georg Lagerstedt | Sven Ewert (E) Perforation: 12¾ horizontal. Sweden stamp catalogue. Buy and sell stamps from Sweden. Meet other stamp collectors interested in Sweden stamps.Ap Csa 2023 Frq Answers Princeton Review AP Computer Science Principles Prep, 2022 The Princeton Review 2021-08-03 Make sure you're studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP Computer Science Principles Prep, 2023 (ISBN: 9780593450734, on-sale August 2022).Ap csa :5. I sharpened my pencils before hands 😎 Ap macro : 5. Felt pretty good ... I will be messaging you in 2 months on 2023-08-05 13:53:15 UTC to remind you of this link. ... AP psych: 4 or 5 (best case scenario because i completely screwed up a FRQ) AP chinese: 3 or 4 (i'm not good at chinese and just started studying because my exam ...

2023 AP Computer Science A FRQ 2 Review & ExplanationLink to the released FRQs: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap23-frq-comp-sci-a.pdfCheck out...

Amazing AP Computer Science Resources! Resource. For anyone that happened to stop by, I've compiled a list of free online resources that you can use! Barron's AP Computer Science A - 7th Edition [PDF] This is a libgen link, an amazing online library that hosts pretty much any book. Anyways, this study/prep book is an essential resource for ...Ap Csa 2023 Frq Answers Design and Analysis of Algorithms Sandeep Sen 2019-05-23 Focuses on the interplay between algorithm design and the underlying computational models. Princeton Review AP Computer Science Principles Prep, 2022 The Princeton Review 2021-08-03 Make sure you're studying with the most up-to-date4. This question involves manipulating a two-dimensional array of integers. You will write two static methods of the ArrayResizer class, which is shown below. public class ArrayResizer { /** Returns true if and only if every value in row r of array2D is non-zero. Precondition: r is a valid row index in array2D.The FRQ Center provides an opportunity for students to explore past exam FRQ questions in a variety of formats on the CodeHS platform. Each question can be completed independently or assigned to students in your classroom. ... [Mar 19, 2024] Preparing Students for the AP CSA FRQs [Aug 02, 2023] Preparing to Teach AP CS A [Apr 05, 2023] ...Part B (since Part A is already on here) public class PrimeFinder. {. /** Returns the difference between num and the closest prime number which. * is greater than or equal to num. * Precondition: num is positive. */. public static int gapToNextPrime (int num) {.AP® COMPUTER SCIENCE A SCORING GUIDELINES Apply the question assessment rubric first, which always takes precedence. Penalty points can only be deducted in a part of the question that has earned credit via the question rubric. No part of a question (a, b, c) may have a negative point total.2016 AP® COMPUTER SCIENCE A FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS. COMPUTER SCIENCE A. SECTION II. Time—1 hour and 30 minutes. Number of questions—4. Percent of total score—50. Directions: SHOW ALL YOUR WORK. REMEMBER THAT PROGRAM SEGMENTS ARE TO BE WRITTEN IN JAVA. Notes:

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Kallisto - Grekisk Restaurang. According to the visitors' reviews, Greek dishes here are quite good. You are offered to eat nicely cooked taro, doner kebabs and souvlakia. Based on the guests' opinions, waiters offer good wine. This restaurant is well known for its great service and friendly staff, that is always ready to help you.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...AP® COMPUTER SCIENCE A SCORING GUIDELINES Apply the question assessment rubric first, which always takes precedence. Penalty points can only be deducted in a part of the question that has earned credit via the question rubric. No part of a question (a, b, c) may have a negative point total. A given penalty can be assessed only once for a ...The Associated Press (AP) Top 25 rankings are a highly anticipated and closely followed aspect of college football. These rankings provide a snapshot of the top teams in the countr...Top. The Create performance task for 2023-24 will still consist of three components—program code, video, and instead of the written response, a student-authored Personalized Project Reference containing screen captures of their list and procedure. Students are required to spend at least 9 hours of in-class time developing their program code ...Ap Csa 2023 Frq Answers Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens.WEBAp Csa Frq 2023 Answers AP Computer Science A Premium, 2024: 6 Practice Tests + Comprehensive Review + Online Practice Roselyn Teukolsky 2023-07-04 Be prepared … WEBap-csa-frq-2023-answers 2 Downloaded fromExactly the day before exam of AMC 10A and 12A I released a preparation video(link below) that had useful ideas for AMC 10 12 and other exams and I solved ma... You will only earn credit for what you write in the separate Free Response booklet. 1. Part A. Steve is in the kitchen happily making breakfast for his four children, who are all playing together in the living room. After hearing a loud crash, Steve becomes quite upset and rushes into the living room, where he sees a lamp shattered on the floor. 4. This question involves manipulating a two-dimensional array of integers. You will write two static methods of the ArrayResizer class, which is shown below. public class ArrayResizer { /** Returns true if and only if every value in row r of array2D is non-zero. Precondition: r is a valid row index in array2D. ….

See Strings on the AP CS A Exam for detailed examples of calls to substring. Java files with test code. TwoTest.java includes JUnit 5 test code with the examples from the problem. See Running JUnit 5 tests. Sign.java TwoTest.java. 2023 AP CS Exam Free Response Solutions. AppointmentBook Free Response Solution; WeatherData Free Response Solution Ap Csa 2023 Frq Answers Barron's AP Biology Deborah T. Goldberg 2017-08-30 Barron's AP Biology is one of the most popular test preparation guides around and a "must-have" manual for success on the Biology AP Test. In this updated book, test takers will find: Two full-length exams that follow the content andHere you go, an instant answer key to the 2023 AP Gov FRQ! AP United States Government and Politics.Part (b) was scored essentially correct (E). In part (c-i) the response states, "The distribution is skewed to the right," satisfying component 1. The response indicates the median sample range is around 4-5. Because 5 mg is within the range of acceptable values, component 2 is satisfied.AP Computer Science A Score Calculator for 2023. Last Updated: April 21, 2023. With the upcoming AP exam schedule right around the corner, it’s worth your …10 points. calculated value: 0.00250 mol CH 3 NH 3 Cl × 67.52 g. 1 mol. = 0.169 g. (b) For a correct description of step 1: Accept one of the following: Use the spatula, balance, and weighing paper to measure out exactly 0.169 g of CH 3 NH 3 Cl( s ) . Use the balance to weigh out the mass of solid in part (a).Subreddit for Brawl Stars, the free multiplayer mobile arena fighter/party brawler/shoot 'em up game from Supercell. Fast-paced 3v3 and Battle Royale matches 🔥 Collect unique Brawlers.High School Math Teacher explains FRQ #6 from the 2023 AP Calculus AB Exam!See the entire AP Calculus AB 2023 FRQs here: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/m...Ap Csa 2023 Frq Answers 5 Steps to a 5: AP Computer Science Principles 2024 Elite Student Edition Julie Schacht Sway 2023-07-31 AP Teachers' #1 Choice! Ready to succeed in your AP course and ace your exam? Our 5 Steps to a 5 guides explain the tough stuff, offer tons of practice and explanations, and help you make the most efficient use of ...Amazing AP Computer Science Resources! Resource. For anyone that happened to stop by, I've compiled a list of free online resources that you can use! Barron's AP Computer Science A - 7th Edition [PDF] This is a libgen link, an amazing online library that hosts pretty much any book. Anyways, this study/prep book is an essential resource for ... 2023 ap csa frq, Question 1. (Suggested time—40 minutes. This question counts as one-third of the total essay section score.) In William Ellery Channing's poem "The Barren Moors," published in 1843, the speaker addresses moors, open expanses of wild, uncultivated land. Read the poem carefully., Now that we've established Ap Csa Frq 2023, it's time to dissect the Ap Csa Frq 2023 formats you might encounter. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive exploration of Ap Csa Frq 2023, from multiple-choice to essay-based Ap Csa Frq 2023. Understanding the Ap Csa Frq 2023 is key to tailoring your study approach. , Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Consider the following code segment, which is intended to store the sum of all multiples of 10 between 10 and 100, inclusive (10 + 20 + ... + 100), in the variable total. int x = 100; int total = 0; while( /* missing code */ ) { total = total + x; x = x - 10; } Which of the following can be used as a replacement for /* missing ..., 2015 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.org. -3-. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. (b) Write a static method rowSums that calculates the sums of each of the rows in a given two-dimensional array and returns these sums in a one-dimensional array. The method has one parameter, a two-dimensional array arr2D of int values., There were two values --> the expected and the observed values. The expected values were given as a percentage (in the background information). The observed values were given on the table. So it was the chi-square goodness of fit. The P-value was less than 0.05, so you had to reject the null hypothesis which was so long to write in the first place., Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form., 2017 GENERAL SCORING GUIDELINES. Apply the question assessment rubric first, which always takes precedence. Penalty points can only be deducted in a part of the question that has earned credit via the question rubric. No part of a question (a, b, c) may have a negative point total. A given penalty can be assessed only once for a question, even ..., This video is a full on review of all the AP Computer Science A Units. Each Unit is thoroughly reviewed and watching and understanding this video should be a..., AP ® Computer Science A 2023 Free-Response Questions The AppointmentBook class contains two helper methods, isMinuteFree and reserveBlock. You will write two additional methods of the AppointmentBook class. public class AppointmentBook { /** * Returns true if minute in period is available for an appointment and returns * false otherwise *, This chapter contains solutions and notes for the free-response questions from the 2004-2022 exams. The free-response questions and grading guidelines for these exams are posted on apstudent.collegeboard.org and, for teachers, on AP Central: For students: apstudent.collegeboard.org exam practice (scrool down to Past Exam Questions) For …, Score Higher on AP Comp Sci A 2024: FRQ Tips from Students. 10 min read. Frequently Asked Questions. ... Introduction to AP CSA and Unit 1 Review. streamed by Tejas Bhartiya. AP CSA: Unit 2 and 3 Review. streamed by Tejas Bhartiya. AP CSA: Unit 2 and 3 Review. streamed by Tejas Bhartiya. About Us., Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ..., The College Board is a mission-driven not-for-profit organization that connects students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the College Board was created to expand access to higher education. Today, the membership association is made up of more than 6,000 of the world’s leading educational institutions and is dedicated to ..., 2023 AP Computer Science A FRQ 1B Review & ExplanationLink to the released FRQs: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap23-frq-comp-sci-a.pdfCheck ou..., Ap Csa 2023 Frq Answers The Science of Programming David Gries 2012-12-06 Describes basic programming principles and their step-by- step applications.Numerous examples are included. AP Computer Science Principles Premium, 2023: 6 Practice Tests + Comprehensive Review + Online Practice Seth Reichelson 2023-02-07 Be prepared for exam day with ..., Score Higher on AP Comp Sci A 2024: FRQ Tips from Students. 10 min read. ... Introduction to AP CSA and Unit 1 Review. streamed by Tejas Bhartiya. AP CSA: Unit 2 and ..., This chapter contains solutions and notes for the free-response questions from the 2004-2022 exams. The free-response questions and grading guidelines for these exams are posted on apstudent.collegeboard.org and, for teachers, on AP Central: For students: apstudent.collegeboard.org exam practice (scrool down to Past Exam Questions) For …, Ap Csa 2023 Frq Answers The Practice of Statistics Daren S. Starnes 2010-12-17 View a Panopto recording of textbook author Daren Starnes detailing ten reasons the new fourth edition of The Practice of Statistics is the right choice for the AP* Statistics course. Watch instructor video reviews here. Available for your Fall 2010 Course! Request, There were two values --> the expected and the observed values. The expected values were given as a percentage (in the background information). The observed values were given on the table. So it was the chi-square goodness of fit. The P-value was less than 0.05, so you had to reject the null hypothesis which was so long to write in the first place., AP® COMPUTER SCIENCE A SCORING GUIDELINES Apply the question assessment rubric first, which always takes precedence. Penalty points can only be deducted in a part of the question that has earned credit via the question rubric. No part of a question (a, b, c) may have a negative point total. A given penalty can be assessed only once for a ..., Note: Some questions and scoring guidelines from the 2023 and earlier AP U.S. Government and Politics Exams may not perfectly align with the course and exam updates that take effect in the 2023-24 school year. These questions remain available because teachers say that imperfectly aligned questions still provide instructional value. , ap-csa-2023-frq-answers 2 Downloaded from test.nafc.org on 2022-05-09 by guest and transfer tasks. Readers will learn why the familiar coverage- and activity-based approaches to curriculum design fall short, and how a focus on the six facets of understanding can enrich student learning., About the Exam. The Computer Science A Exam will test your understanding of the programming concepts covered in the course units, as well as your ability to read and write code for computer programs., Directions: Answer all three questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested time is about 22 minutes for answering each question. Write all your answers in the Free Response booklet. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant ..., The AP exam's first free response question (FRQ) is on Methods and Control Structures as of 2019. This question 1 uses expressions, loops, and if statements. The AP exam provides the method header with some parameter variables and other methods that you will need to call in the solution. This question does not involve more complex topics such ..., AP ® Seminar 2023 Free-Response Questions Part B Suggested time — 1 hour and 30 minutes . Directions: Read the four sources carefully, focusing on a theme or issue that connects them and the different perspective each represents. Then, write a logically organized, well-reasoned, and well-written argument that, College Board, Scoring guidelines for the Create performance task written response prompts will be unique every year and are not provided in advance. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]., 5 points. +1 Calls hopDistance and uses returned distance to adjust (or represent) the frog’s position. +1 Initializes and accumulates the frog’s position at most maxHops times (must be in context of a loop) +1 Determines if a distance representing multiple hops is at least goalDistance. +1 Determines if a distance representing multiple ..., AP® Computer Science A 2021 Scoring Guidelines . Applying the Scoring Criteria Apply the question scoring criteria first, which always takes precedence. Penalty points can only be deducted in a part of the question that has earned credit via the question rubric. No part of a question (a, b, c) may have a negative point total., for the frq part of the exam when it has you implement code for a method, do you write the method header in your answer? i don’t know if you‘re required to but just do it it doesn’t take very long and can help you out, especially if you can’t remember if you’re supposed to return an int or double or something like that., Write your responses to this question only on the designated pages in the separate Free Response booklet. Write your solution to each part in the space provided for that part. 2023 College Board. 5. The graphs of the functions f and g are shown in the figure for 12. 0 £ x £ 3. It is known that g(x) =. 3 + x. for x ., Past AP Exam FRQs: 2023 FRQ #3. public class WeatherData { private ArrayList<Double> temperatures; public void cleanData(double lower, double upper); public int longestHeatWave(double threshold); } Part (a) Question: Write the cleanData method, which modifies the temperatures instance variable by removing all values that are less than the lower ...