Fluid and electrolyte imbalance nursing care plan

May 1, 2022 · Nursing Care Plan for SIADH 1. Nursing Diagnosis: Electrolyte Imbalance ( Hyponatremia) related to the disease process of SIADH as evidenced by nausea, vomiting, serum sodium level of 160 mEq/L, irritability, and fatigue. Desired Outcome: Patient will be able to re-establish a normal electrolyte and fluid balance.

Fluid and electrolyte imbalance nursing care plan. The goal of nursing care is to restore and maintain normal potassium levels through monitoring and appropriate interventions. Here are two nursing diagnosis for hyperkalemia and hypokalemia nursing care plans: 1. Hyperkalemia: Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance 2. Hypokalemia: Risk for Electrolyte … See more

The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association's (NANDA) inclusion of nursing diagnoses related to fluid balance reflects nursing involvement in patient care in this …

Ivanka Trump wants to let individuals earning less than $250,000 a year, or couples making less than $500,000, deduct child care expenses. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive... Identify evidence-based practices. The human body maintains a delicate balance of fluids and electrolytes to help ensure proper functioning and homeostasis. When fluids or electrolytes become imbalanced, individuals are at risk for organ system dysfunction. If an imbalance goes undetected and is left untreated, organ systems cannot function ... During the last few months of her life, my grandmother Ruth, then 93, was too frail for family to adequately c During the last few months of her life, my grandmother Ruth, then 93,...Nursing Diagnosis for Diarrhea : Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances related to excessive loss through feces and vomit and limited intake. Goal: fluid and electrolyte balance. Outcomes: Normal bowel movements (1-2 times daily). Mucosa of the mouth and lips moist. Client's condition improved. Not sunken eyes and fontanel. Good skin turgor (back in ...Electrolytes are minerals that have an electric charge when they are dissolved in water or body fluids, including blood. The electric charge can be positive or negative. You have electrolytes in your blood, urine (pee), tissues, and other body fluids. Electrolytes are important because they help: Balance the amount of water in your body.

An electrolyte imbalance is an abnormality in the levels of electrolytes in the body, causing disruption in several bodily functions. Electrolytes are crucial for the normal functioning of the body, for helping muscles and nerves functioning properly. The signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalance depend upon the level of electrolyte involved ...Nursing Diagnosis. Based on the assessment data, appropriate nursing diagnoses for a patient with ARF include: Electrolyte imbalance related to increased potassium levels. Risk for deficient volume related to increased in urine output. Nursing Care Planning & Goals. Main Article: 6 Acute Renal Failure Nursing Care Plans. The …Nov 21, 2021 · Fluid volume deficit also known as dehydration can be a common occurrence and nursing diagnosis for many patients. Dehydration is when there is a loss of too much fluid from the body. This leads to a lack of water in the body’s cells and blood vessels. It is due to more fluids being expelled from the body than the body takes in. The breast milk powder retains its nutrition and immunological properties and is shelf-stable for up to six months. Nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit can spend an entire s...The nursing care planning goals for patients with Addison’s disease include maintaining optimal adrenal hormone balance, managing symptoms and complications, promoting fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing an adrenal crisis, providing patient education on medication management, and supporting psychological well-being and …Apr 30, 2024 · The primary concern in metabolic acidosis is the disruption of the body’s acid-base balance. Nurses must assess the patient’s acid-base status through arterial blood gases (ABGs) and monitor pH levels to guide interventions. Administer intravenous fluids to restore electrolyte balance and normalize pH levels. NCP Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances. Body fluid is composed primarily of water and electrolytes. The body is equipped with homeostatic mechanisms to keep the composition and volume of body fluids within narrow limits. Organs involved in this mechanism include the kidneys, lungs, heart, blood vessels, adrenal glands, parathyroid …This article explores what a registered nurse (RN) does and how you can become one. This article explores how tobecome a nurse Updated May 23, 2023 • 6 min read There's a hard trut...

Electrolytes play an important role in bodily functions and fluid regulation. There is a very narrow target range for normal electrolyte values, and slight abnormalities can have devastating consequences. For this reason, it is crucial to understand normal electrolyte ranges, causes of electrolyte imbalances, signs and symptoms of imbalances ...Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance (Hypermagnesemia) related to chronic diarrhea Desired Outcome: Patient will be able to maintain a normal electrolyte and fluid balance as evidenced by normal vital signs, normal muscular strength, and the absence of respiratory impairment.Explore the best online bachelor's in nursing programs and discover which online prerequisites for nursing you need to start your educational journey. Updated April 19, 2023 thebes...The nurse should assess the patient’s fluid intake and output, as well as monitor for signs of fluid overload or dehydration. Interventions may include fluid restriction, diuretics, or IV fluids with electrolytes. Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance. Hyponatremia can also lead to other electrolyte imbalances, such as hypokalemia or hypocalcemia.

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Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which nursing diagnosis would the nurse make based on the effects of fluid and electrolyte imbalance on human functioning?, The oncoming nurse is assigned to the following clients. Which client should the nurse assess first?, A 50-year-old client with hypertension is being treated with a … Electrolytes play an important role in bodily functions and fluid regulation. There is a very narrow target range for normal electrolyte values, and slight abnormalities can have devastating consequences. For this reason, it is crucial to understand normal electrolyte ranges, causes of electrolyte imbalances, signs and symptoms of imbalances ... Nursing Diagnosis. Based on the assessment data, appropriate nursing diagnoses for a patient with ARF include: Electrolyte imbalance related to increased potassium levels. Risk for deficient volume related to increased in urine output. Nursing Care Planning & Goals. Main Article: 6 Acute Renal Failure Nursing Care Plans. The goals for a patient ...DIF: Applying TOP: Integrated Process: Teaching/Learning KEY: Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, Sodium imbalances, Health teaching MSC: Client Needs Category: Health Promotion and Maintenance ... Upload Nursing Care Plan Template FALL 2021; Medication worksheet - Ceftriaxone; Therapeutic Communication Techniques; 2020 …Learning Objectives. Describe variables that influence fluid and electrolyte balance. Identify factors related to fluid/electrolyte balance across the life span. Assess a patient’s nutritional and fluid/electrolyte status. Outline specific nursing interventions to promote fluid and electrolyte balance.About 99% of calcium is found in the bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is found in the cells and fluid compartments, mainly in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. 1. Approximately 40% of calcium in the blood is in the ionized or free state. About 45% is transported in the blood, bound to plasma proteins and nonprotein anions. 2.

The nursing care plan goals for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis include maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, monitoring vital signs and weight changes, assessing for signs of infection, and ensuring proper placement and functioning of the catheter.Nursing care plan management plays an important role in effectively addressing the needs of clients dealing with nausea and vomiting. ... Prolonged vomiting can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance is a priority to prevent further complications.During the last few months of her life, my grandmother Ruth, then 93, was too frail for family to adequately c During the last few months of her life, my grandmother Ruth, then 93,...pdf-ncp-electrolyte-imbalance_compress - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides online. The client, a 22-year-old female, presented with deficient fluid volume related to diarrhea from gastroenteritis, and the nursing care plan addressed monitoring her hydration status and intake, providing health education on …Intracellular fluids are crucial to the body’s functioning. In fact, intracellular fluid accounts for 60% of the volume of body fluids and 40% of a person’s total body weight! [2] Extracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids found outside of cells. The most abundant electrolyte in extracellular fluid is sodium. The body regulates sodium levels to ...Oct 24, 2021 ... This video covers the risk factors, signs/symptoms, labs, treatment, and nursing care associated with fluid volume deficit and fluid volume ...The most important part of the care plan is the content, as that is the foundation on which you will base your care. Nursing Care Plan for: Fluid Volume Excess, Fluid Overload, Congestive Heart Failure, Pulmonary Edema, Ascites, Edema, and Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance. If you want to view a video tutorial on how to construct a care plan in ...The nurse should assess the patient’s fluid intake and output, as well as monitor for signs of fluid overload or dehydration. Interventions may include fluid restriction, diuretics, or IV fluids with electrolytes. Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance. Hyponatremia can also lead to other electrolyte imbalances, such as hypokalemia or …Electrolytes are minerals that have an electric charge when they are dissolved in water or body fluids, including blood. The electric charge can be positive or negative. You have electrolytes in your blood, urine (pee), tissues, and other body fluids. Electrolytes are important because they help: Balance the amount of water in your body.

5. Fluid and electrolyte balance is essential for health. Many factors, such as illness, injury, medication, surgery and treatments, can disrupt the patient's fluid and electrolyte balance. Even a patient with a minor illness is at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance. The nurse continuously serves and evaluates patient's progress.

Depending on a patient's condition, even a small imbalance in fluid and electrolytes can be serious. 1 In this and subsequent articles, I'll review common electrolyte imbalances and how to intervene. This article focuses on hyponatremia; the next article will focus on hypernatremia. ... Wilson BK.Nursing care of patients with …Metabolic Acidosis Nursing Care Plan 1. Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance . ... correcting electrolyte imbalances, and reducing fluid excess. Monitor the patient’s electrolyte, BUN, and creatinine levels. Electrolyte imbalance can affect cardiac and electrical activity. BUN is usually elevated in chronic kidney disease.The following are common nursing care planning goals and expected outcomes for risk for electrolyte imbalance: Patient will maintain normal electrolyte …Nursing Care Plans: Diagnoses, Interventions, and Outcomes [Judith L. Gulanick PhD APRN FAAN, Meg, Myers RN MSN] on Amazon.com.Nursing Care Plan for SIADH 1. Nursing Diagnosis: Electrolyte Imbalance ( Hyponatremia) related to the disease process of SIADH as evidenced by nausea, vomiting, serum sodium level of 160 mEq/L, irritability, and fatigue. Desired Outcome: Patient will be able to re-establish a normal electrolyte and fluid balance.If you’re interested in pursuing a trusted, compassionate career in health care, you might be wondering “what do I need to become a nurse?” Though not necessarily as time consuming...Cera delivers care, nursing, telehealth and prescription delivery services in the home, and claims it is 10x cheaper than servicing a patient in a hospital. Cera, a U.K. provider o...Depending on a patient's condition, even a small imbalance in fluid and electrolytes can be serious. 1 In this and subsequent articles, I'll review common electrolyte imbalances and how to intervene. This article focuses on hyponatremia; the next article will focus on hypernatremia. ... Wilson BK.Nursing care of patients with …Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia Nursing Care Plan 1. Nursing Diagnosis: Electrolyte Imbalance related to hyponatremia as evidenced by nausea, vomiting, serum sodium level of 100 mEq/L, irritability, and fatigue. Desired Outcome: Patient will be able to re-establish a normal electrolyte and fluid balance.A fluttering sensation in the stomach or lower abdomen may be an early sign of pregnancy, according to SteadyHealth. Fluttering in the stomach could also be the result of an imbala...

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Nursing Care Plan for SIADH 1. Nursing Diagnosis: Electrolyte Imbalance ( Hyponatremia) related to the disease process of SIADH as evidenced by nausea, vomiting, serum sodium level of 160 mEq/L, irritability, and fatigue. Desired Outcome: Patient will be able to re-establish a normal electrolyte and fluid balance.Annuities, home equity and trusts can all be used to shield assets to qualify for long-term care through Medicaid. There are considerable tradeoffs though. Calculators Helpful Guid...Dec 4, 2023 · Electrolytes are substances that play an essential role in maintaining the body’s normal physiological functions. They are responsible for regulating fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, and acid-base balance. As a nurse, understanding the importance of electrolytes is critical in providing quality care. Electrolyte imbalances can lead ... Symptoms: Signs of Fluid Volume Deficit include feeling thirsty, dry mouth, less urine than usual, feeling tired, and sometimes dizziness. Nursing Care: Nurses play a key role in helping patients with Fluid Volume Deficit. They monitor fluid intake and output, encourage patients to drink water, and sometimes give fluids through an IV if needed.The imbalance is typically resolved once the acid-base balance is restored. Monitor for hypokalemia in the resuscitation phase due to hemodilution and fluid/electrolyte losses through the wound itself. In addition to addressing the underlying cause, potassium replacement will be needed.The combination of reduced blood flow and tubular injury leads to a decline in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), impairing the kidney’s ability to filter and excrete waste products and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance: As AKI progresses, the kidneys struggle to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance.Nursing Care Plan for Dialysis Patient 2. Fluid Volume Excess. Nursing Diagnosis: Fluid Volume Excess related to saline solution infused to support blood pressure secondary to End-Stage Renal Failure as evidenced by shortness of breath, edema, high blood pressure, electrolytes imbalance, and weakness. Desired Outcomes:Electrolytes play an important role in bodily functions and fluid regulation. There is a very narrow target range for normal electrolyte values, and slight abnormalities can have devastating consequences. For this reason, it is crucial to understand normal electrolyte ranges, causes of electrolyte imbalances, signs and symptoms of imbalances ...Hyperventilation after a panic attack. A. (Gastroenteritis with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea will lead to a metabolic alkalosis resulting from loss of electrolytes and acids through emesis and loose stools. Metabolic alkalosis features the elevated pH of 7.56, elevated HCO3 42 mEq/L and normal PaCO2 of 32 mm Hg.Identify evidence-based practices. The human body maintains a delicate balance of fluids and electrolytes to help ensure proper functioning and homeostasis. When fluids or electrolytes become imbalanced, individuals are at risk for organ system dysfunction. If an imbalance goes undetected and is left untreated, organ systems cannot function ...2. Administer intravenous fluid replacement as ordered. Intravenous fluid replacement can help manage fluid loss, prevent dehydration, and correct electrolyte imbalances in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. 3. Provide ice chips. The patient may not be able to tolerate large quantities of food or liquids. ….

Identify evidence-based practices. The human body maintains a delicate balance of fluids and electrolytes to help ensure proper functioning and homeostasis. When fluids or electrolytes become imbalanced, individuals are at risk for organ system dysfunction. If an imbalance goes undetected and is left untreated, organ systems cannot function ... Monitor for electrolyte imbalances. Electrolyte levels can change drastically with fluid volume loss, whether it be blood loss or losing volume due to vomiting and diarrhea. Decreased electrolyte levels can cause dysrhythmias, muscle spasms, and fatigue. Insert an indwelling urinary catheter for accurate measurements.The balancing act. Fluid and electrolyte balance play an important role in homeostasis, and critical care nurses assume a vital role in identifying and treating the physiologic stressors experienced by critically ill patients that disrupt homeostasis. 1. Electrolytes, found in body fluids, are electrically charged particles (ions). Symptoms: Signs of Fluid Volume Deficit include feeling thirsty, dry mouth, less urine than usual, feeling tired, and sometimes dizziness. Nursing Care: Nurses play a key role in helping patients with Fluid Volume Deficit. They monitor fluid intake and output, encourage patients to drink water, and sometimes give fluids through an IV if needed. Commence a fluid balance chart, monitoring the input and output of the patient. To monitor patient’s fluid volume accurately and effectiveness of actions to monitor signs of dehydration. Start intravenous therapy as prescribed. Encourage oral fluid intake of at least 2500 mL per day if not contraindicated.The nurse should assess the patient’s fluid intake and output, as well as monitor for signs of fluid overload or dehydration. Interventions may include fluid restriction, diuretics, or IV fluids with electrolytes. Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance. Hyponatremia can also lead to other electrolyte imbalances, such as hypokalemia or …Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Disturbed Sensory Perception related to the electrolyte, glucose, or insulin imbalance secondary to hyperglycemia. Desired Outcome:This intervention aims to keep the usual degree of mentation. It also seeks to acknowledge and counteract pre-existing sensory deficiencies.Nursing Diagnosis for Diarrhea : Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances related to excessive loss through feces and vomit and limited intake. Goal: fluid and electrolyte balance. Outcomes: Normal bowel movements (1-2 times daily). Mucosa of the mouth and lips moist. Client's condition improved. Not sunken eyes and fontanel. Good skin turgor … Fluid and electrolyte imbalance nursing care plan, IV fluids. To correct fluid and electrolyte imbalance and dehydration, IV fluids are administered prior to surgery. Antibiotic therapy. To prevent sepsis, antibiotics are administered until the surgery is performed. ... Always my go to for my Nursing care plan! Reply. Donald. May 8, 2024 at 3:34 PM ..., Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Disturbed Sensory Perception related to the electrolyte, glucose, or insulin imbalance secondary to hyperglycemia. Desired Outcome:This intervention aims to keep the usual degree of mentation. It also seeks to acknowledge and counteract pre-existing sensory deficiencies., and treatments, can disrupt a patient’s fluid and electrolyte balance. Even a patient with a minor illness is at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Fluid Volume Deficit (Hypovolemia) Fluid Volume Excess (Hypervolemia) The body loses water all the time. A person responds to the thirst reflex by drinking fluids and eating foods that contain, Causes of Hyperkalemia. Signs and Symptoms. Nursing Process. Nursing Care Plans. Electrolyte Imbalance. Ineffective Tissue Perfusion. Risk for Decreased …, Feeling fatigued or extremely tired is a common symptom of many electrolyte imbalances, regardless of whether your levels are high or low. It can be accompanied by achy or. …, Apr 14, 2022 ... Fluid and Electrolytes overview for nursing students. Key concepts you need to know for Medical Surgical Nursing Course, and passing NCLEX., The nurse identifies the nursing diagnosis Risk for electrolyte imbalance for an older adult patient experiencing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Which is an accurate goal statement for the nurse to include in the patient's plan of care? Patient's serum potassium level will be within the normal range of 3.5-5.0 mEq/L during the hospitalization., Nursing is an excellent career path if you’re interested in working in the healthcare industry and strive to provide quality care to patients. If you’re short on time or worry that..., Electrolytes are minerals that have an electric charge when they are dissolved in water or body fluids, including blood. The electric charge can be positive or negative. You have electrolytes in your blood, urine (pee), tissues, and other body fluids. Electrolytes are important because they help: Balance the amount of water in your body., Commence a fluid balance chart, monitoring the input and output of the patient. To monitor patient’s fluid volume accurately and effectiveness of actions to monitor signs of dehydration. Start intravenous therapy as prescribed. Encourage oral fluid intake of at least 2500 mL per day if not contraindicated., Nursing is one of the most rewarding careers around. The role involves assisting doctors care for patients and providing treatment. There are many routes nurses can take, including..., Nursing Diagnosis. Based on the assessment data, appropriate nursing diagnoses for a patient with ARF include: Electrolyte imbalance related to increased potassium levels. Risk for deficient volume related to increased in urine output. Nursing Care Planning & Goals. Main Article: 6 Acute Renal Failure Nursing Care Plans. The …, Common NANDA-I Nursing Diagnoses Related to Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances [13] Surplus intake and/or retention of fluid. Decreased intravascular, interstitial, and/or …, Figure 15.1 Intracellular and Extracellular Compartments. Intracellular fluids (ICF) are found inside cells and are made up of protein, water, electrolytes, and solutes. The most abundant electrolyte in intracellular fluid is potassium. Intracellular fluids are crucial to the body’s functioning. In fact, intracellular fluid accounts for 60% ..., There are many nursing diagnoses applicable to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances. Review a nursing care planning resource for current NANDA-I approved nursing diagnoses, related factors, and …, 1. Administering IV fluids as prescribed by the physician 2. Providing straws and offering fluids between meals 3. developing a plan for added fluid intake over 24 hours 4. Teaching family members to assist the client with fluid intake, The client has a nursing diagnosis of Deficient Fluid Volume related to excessive fluid loss *AND* Decreased ..., Nursing Care Plan for SIADH 1. Nursing Diagnosis: Electrolyte Imbalance ( Hyponatremia) related to the disease process of SIADH as evidenced by nausea, vomiting, serum sodium level of 160 mEq/L, irritability, and fatigue. Desired Outcome: Patient will be able to re-establish a normal electrolyte and fluid balance., Ashley's nursing care plan goal for this patient includes maintaining fluid volumes and laboratory values at normal levels. Ashley knows the two major types of fluid imbalances are volume and ..., Apr 30, 2024 · The primary concern in metabolic acidosis is the disruption of the body’s acid-base balance. Nurses must assess the patient’s acid-base status through arterial blood gases (ABGs) and monitor pH levels to guide interventions. Administer intravenous fluids to restore electrolyte balance and normalize pH levels. , The following are common nursing care planning goals and expected outcomes for risk for electrolyte imbalance: Patient will maintain normal electrolyte …, UA flight 2509 tipped over after landing United Airlines is blaming an imbalance in weight for United flight 2509 tipping backward upon landing at Lewiston Airport in Idaho over th..., In Brief. This is the first part of a general overview of the electrolytes tested and I.V. fluids used in critical care areas. The article focuses on imbalances in sodium and water, and …, Although the majority (50-60%) of the body's magnesium is stored in the bones, 40% to 50% is found in the ICF, and approximately 1% is located in the extracellular fluid compartment. 1,2 The normal serum concentration of magnesium is 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L, but normal lab values may vary between labs. 3,4 Three major systems work together to regulate ..., Testing or stool examinations will distinguish infectious or parasitic organisms, bacterial toxins, blood, fat, electrolytes, white blood cells, and potential etiological organisms for diarrhea. 4. Determine tolerance to milk and other dairy products. Diarrhea is a typical indication of lactose intolerance., The goal of nursing care for individuals with acute kidney injury is to address or eliminate any causes that can be reversed. Prompt diagnosis of AKI’s underlying causes, correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances, acid-base balance stabilization, proper nutrition, and preventing complications are all part of patient care., Ernstmeyer & Christman (Eds.) Chippewa Valley Technical College via OpenRN. Before learning about how to care for patients with fluid and electrolyte …, Feb 19, 2022 · There are many nursing diagnoses applicable to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances. Review a nursing care planning resource for current NANDA-I approved nursing diagnoses, related factors, and defining characteristics. See Table 15.6c for commonly used NANDA-I diagnoses associated with patients with fluid and electrolyte imbalances. [12] , Symptoms: Signs of Fluid Volume Deficit include feeling thirsty, dry mouth, less urine than usual, feeling tired, and sometimes dizziness. Nursing Care: Nurses play a key role in helping patients with Fluid Volume Deficit. They monitor fluid intake and output, encourage patients to drink water, and sometimes give fluids through an IV if needed., Dehydration results from. Increased fluid loss. Decreased fluid intake. Both. The most common source of increased fluid loss is the gastrointestinal tract—from vomiting, diarrhea, or both (eg, gastroenteritis).Other sources are renal (eg, diabetic ketoacidosis), cutaneous (eg, excessive sweating, burns), and 3rd-space losses (eg, into the intestinal lumen in …, Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Disturbed Sensory Perception related to the electrolyte, glucose, or insulin imbalance secondary to hyperglycemia. Desired Outcome:This intervention aims to keep the usual degree of mentation. It also seeks to acknowledge and counteract pre-existing sensory deficiencies., Utilize this comprehensive nursing care plan and management guide to provide optimal care for patients with heart failure. Gain valuable insights on nursing assessment, ... Managing Fluid Volume and Electrolyte Imbalance. The patient’s fluid status is closely monitored through methods like auscultating the lungs, tracking daily …, Concepts of Nursing- Unit 1 Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. , Sep 25, 2022 · Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance. Patients with CRF are at risk of developing electrolyte imbalance due to impaired kidney function. This condition is often complicated by decreased sodium and calcium and increased potassium, magnesium, and phosphate. Nursing Diagnosis: Risk for Electrolyte Imbalance. Related to: Renal failure ; Kidney dysfunction