Pmbok.

これを念頭に、『プロジェクトマネジメント知識体系ガイド（PMBOK® ガイド）』第7版では、専門職の基本的な概念と考え方について詳しく説明しています。. 本書は、『プロジェクトマネジメント標準』と『PMBOK® ガイド』の両方を含み、プロジェクト ...

PMBOK Guide 5th edition pdf is also available as free download for PMI members. PMBOK Guide 6th Ed: The 6th edition is the largest shift in PMI's foundational standards since its first edition. It added Agile processes and changed knowledge area names. The project team is now managed as part of human resource management.Qué es PMBOK. PMBOK son las siglas de Project Management Body of Knowledge.Su título en castellano es Guía de los Fundamentos para la Gestión de Proyectos.Una guía desarrollada por el Project Management Institute (PMI) y que cada cierto tiempo (4, 5 años normalmente) se va actualizando con las nuevas tendencias y buenas prácticas en Gestión y Dirección de Proyectos.Project managers are responsible for various things on-the-job, including: Identifying project goals and scope. Planning and documenting project tasks. Ensuring deliverables are delivered on-time. Managing all project resources. Effectively communicating with stakeholders. Eliminating blockers and potential risks.This Standard for Organizational Project Management (OPM) provides guidance to organizational management, PMO staff, and practitioners on these topics. It spans the value delivery landscape and can be used with all approaches to project delivery—including waterfall, agile, hybrid and next practices (those future approaches yet to be determined).PMBOK is an essential tool for project managers, providing a comprehensive approach to project management. By using PMBOK, project managers can ensure that their projects are managed effectively and efficiently, and that they deliver the desired results. Whether you are new to project management or an experienced project manager, …The PMBOK Guide is not a prescription for how to do project management. Various bodies create and approve standards and ANSI is one such national standards body. In 1999 ANSI approved the standard that is included in the PMBOK Guide. There are other standards however, notably the ISO 21500.To download this free project management plan template in MS Word format, click on the Download Template at the top of this page. FREE project management plan template based on the PMBOK Guide. MS Word Project plan template includes step-by-step instructions and example.

PMBOK commonalities include parts of Project Integration Management as well as Project Scope, Risk, and Stakeholder Management. While there are clear commonalities between the BABOK and PMBOK Knowledge Areas, each has its own uniqueness when explored in depth. An orientation to project management versus …The PMBOK Guide® – Seventh Edition has expanded the breadth of tools listed in a new section titled “Models, Methods, and Artifacts,” and content on how to apply these by …A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK(r) Guide) Fifth Edition reflects the collaboration and knowledge of working project managers and provides the fundamentals of project management as they apply to a wide range of projects. This internationally recognized standard gives project managers the essential tools to practice project management and deliver organizational results.PMBOK stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge and is a process-based project management methodology (actually a framework, but more on that later), developed by the Project Management Institute (PMI). PMBOK constitutes a collection of project management processes, best practices, terminologies, guidelines, …PMBOK Guide 5th edition pdf is also available as free download for PMI members. PMBOK Guide 6th Ed: The 6th edition is the largest shift in PMI’s foundational standards since its first edition. It added Agile processes and changed knowledge area names. The project team is now managed as part of human resource management.Essential project management forms aligned to the PMBOK ® Guide—Sixth Edition. A Project Manager's Book of Forms is an essential companion to the Project Management Institute's A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge.Packed with ready-made forms for managing every stage in any project, this book offers both new and …A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide ) - PMI's flagship publication has been updated to reflect the latest good practices in project management. New to the sixth edition, each knowledge area will contain a section entitled Approaches for Agile, Iterative and Adaptive Environments, describing how these practices ...PMBOK ® Guide. Unlock effective project management in any industry with the PMBOK ® Guide. This renowned book highlights The Standard for Project Management, serving as the foundation for a vast body of knowledge in this field, captured and summarized for your convenience.. Get Started Today

有名なプロジェクトマネジメントの教科書pmbokですが、第7版で「別の書物か？」というほど大改訂され、世界中に驚きと戸惑いが拡散しています。この記事では、pmbokとはどんな書物で、第7版でどのように変わり、なぜ変わったかについて分かりやすく解説します。The Project Management Institute's Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a very structured, analytical outline of a somewhat abstract topic. Using it to manage projects is like trying to enjoy a play by reading the script. Although the relevant information is there, it is difficult to put into practice without external training. PMI offers project management certifications to help you advance through every stage of your career. Our certifications empower you to work in any industry across the globe and with any project management methodology. They’re based on rigorous standards and ongoing research to meet the demands of real-world projects and organizations. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide ) - PMI's flagship publication has been updated to reflect the latest good practices in project management. New to the sixth edition, each knowledge area will contain a section entitled Approaches for Agile, Iterative and Adaptive Environments, describing how these practices ... Conclusion. PMBOK is a standard, a guide that helps the enterprise in handling multiple projects with best practices and effective procedures. PMBOK approach supports professionals on how to use ...

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An American National Standard ANSI/PMI 99-001-2008 Project Management Institute A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOK® Guide)—Fourth Edition This is a preview of "PMI FS-PMBOK-2008".由官网pmi（中国）9月26日颁布：《项目管理知识体系指南（pmbok指南）》（第7版）的中文版和英文版即将于2022年1月（暂定）由电子工业出版社出版，隆重上市，敬请期待!文章末尾可下载《pmbok指南（第7版）》中英文版《pmbok指南（第7版）》整体变化《项目管理知识体系指南（pmbok指南）》（第7版 ...An American National Standard ANSI/PMI 99-001-2008 Project Management Institute A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOK® Guide)—Fourth Edition This is a preview of "PMI FS-PMBOK-2008".PMBOK 7 dan Penggunaannya Setidaknya ada dua poin pembelajaran tentang PMBOK 7 dari kuliah yang saya berikan sebagai dosen tamu kemarin malam kepada… Disukai oleh Ir. Bronsen Wijaya, PMP®, PMI-PBA, PMO-CP. ngabuburit bareng 200+ rekan-rekan PT Anugerah Pharmindo Lestari pada sesi Technology and Project Inside on Friday, menyampaikan thema ...pmbokはプロジェクト管理において非常に有効な概念ですが、万能というわけではありません。 ガイドブック通りに進めるだけではなく、柔軟な対応が必要になります。 pmbokの活用で注意したい点をまとめましたので、参考にしてください。The PMBOK 7 Standards Plus is an online platform offering additional guidance, tools, templates, and videos for each domain and topic. There is also the PMBOK 7 Certification which is expected to ...

Безкоштовний PMBOK українською. Відтепер кожен учасник професійної спільноти проєктних менеджерів України може користуватися головним стандартом PMI безкоштовно. У зв’язку із воєнною ...The only other resource I really used was PMBOK Guide and Andrews other Exam prep practice questions book. My Approach I read/ studied PMP Exam Prep Simplified a couple times went through the practice questions until I started to hit the 80% - 90% range. Felt very confident Skimmed through PMBOK 6 to mainly review topics I was struggling with.The PMBOK® Guide distinguishes between dedicated and part-time project teams, which reflects the "real world" environment in which project operate in. This edition continues to expand the role of interpersonal skills as the "soft skills" are becoming a critical aspect for successfully leading and managing projects.Our trainings, tailored for project managers by project management experts, are available both in-person and virtually. With 100+ interactive small-group sessions to choose from, ranging from 1 hour to 4 days, you're sure to find the perfect fit for your professional development. Explore our PMI Training Catalog for upcoming opportunities.What is PMBOK? PMBOK stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge. Being familiar with PMBOK can help you to be familiar with the standardized processes for project management. It is an especially valuable tool for those studying for the Project Management Professional (PMP) Certification exam. However, it is useful for other reasons as well.PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh ...PMBOK. Guide 7, Underneath the Surface. This is a free (i.e., “freedom-respecting” and “free of charge”) book with a CC-BY license. You can read or modify it for personal or commercial purposes without asking for permission. I hope you’ll enjoy it. Nader K. Rad, 2023. About the Author. I started working with projects about 25 years ...The PMBOK Guide is published by the PMI and stands for "Project Management Body of Knowledge." This Guide establishes the standards of project management and defines the terminology. PMI printed the first edition of this book in 1996, and a new edition comes out every four years. As of now, the current version is the 7th edition, published ...Feb 7, 2024 · 12 project management frameworks. Manage projects with one tool. 1. Agile. What it is: The Agile project management methodology is one of the most common project management processes. But the reality is that Agile isn’t technically a methodology. Instead, it’s best defined as a project management principle. The basis of an Agile approach is ... fourth printing of the PMBOK® Guide – Sixth Edition. In order to verify the print run of your book (or PDF), refer to the bottom of the copyright page. The last numeral in the string beginning with “10 9 8” etc., denotes the printing of that particular copy. Copies of the corrected pages are attached for convenience.PMBOK, as a comprehensive guide, offers valuable insights into effective project human resource management. It outlines best practices for assembling, developing, and managing a project team.PMBOK is the abbreviated form of Project Management Body of Knowledge. On the other hand, PRINCE2 is the abbreviated form of Projects in Controlled Environments. PMBOK was established by the USA-based Projects Management Institute (PMI), and PRINCE2 was developed by Axelos, which is based in the UK. Both these frameworks …

The act of creating PMI's initial A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) was a massive undertaking involving numerous project management practitioners discussing and debating the finer points of the elements essential to the discipline. This article summarizes one of these discussions and debates, one that occurred as a workshop held during the 1985 PMI Seminars ...

The PMP® certification exam may be impacted by a change to the exam content outline (ECO) prior to the next edition of the PMBOK® Guide being released, as it also typically follows a 3-5-year update cycle. The last PMBOK® Guide release date was August 2021.PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the PMBOK® Guide - Seventh ...The PMBOK® Guide distinguishes between dedicated and part-time project teams, which reflects the “real world” environment in which project operate in. This edition continues to expand the role of interpersonal skills as the “soft skills” are becoming a critical aspect for successfully leading and managing projects.An American National Standard ANSI/PMI 99-001-2008 Project Management Institute A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOK® Guide)—Fourth Edition This is a preview of "PMI FS-PMBOK-2008".A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide ) - PMI's flagship publication has been updated to reflect the latest good practices in project management. New to the sixth edition, each knowledge area will contain a section entitled Approaches for Agile, Iterative and Adaptive Environments, describing how these practices ...Descarga el PMBOK Quinta edición español.pdf, una guía de referencia para la gestión de proyectos basada en los estándares del PMI. Aprende las mejores prácticas y metodologías para planificar, ejecutar y controlar tus proyectos.The Standard for Program Management - Fifth Edition. Business Analysis for Practitioners - SECOND Edition. PMI Standards & Guides. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - Seventh Edition and The Standard for Project Management (ENGLISH) The Standard for Risk Management in Portfolios, Programs, and Projects.The PMBOK® Guide serves as a reference for anyone interested in project management by focusing on knowledge and practices applicable to "most projects most of the time". The general consensus is that the PMBOK® Guide is valuable and useful. In fact, the PMBOK® Guide has become the de facto global, standard for project …

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PMBOK 7th edition presents an exciting and transformative shift in the realm of project management. It provides practitioners with updated tools, methodologies, and principles to succeed in the dynamic landscape of project delivery. As we explore the first impressions of this new standard, it becomes evident that the PMBOK 7th edition sets …The PMBOK as it was known in 1987 was more or less a collection of terms, phrases and definitions common to the field of project management. Instead of knowledge areas, the document referred to "functions" of project management. In 1996 the PMBOK ® Guide was developed through a team led by William R. Duncan, then Director of Standards. The ...A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide ) - PMI's flagship publication has been updated to reflect the latest good practices in project management. New to the sixth edition, each knowledge area will contain a section entitled Approaches for Agile, Iterative and Adaptive Environments, describing how these …Part 1 A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) Page Correction 75, 76 Figs 4-2 and 4-3. Removed bullet for benefits management plan as input for business documents. 89 Table 4-1. Under Project Management Plan, added 19. Management reviews. 98, 99 Figs 4-8, 4-9.The PMBOK 7 Standards Plus is an online platform offering additional guidance, tools, templates, and videos for each domain and topic. There is also the PMBOK 7 Certification which is expected to ...PMBOK® Guide is the go-to resource for project management practitioners. The project management profession has significantly evolved due to emerging technology, new approaches and rapid market changes. Reflecting this evolution, The Standard for Project Management enumerates 12 principles of project management and the …Download the PMBOK Guide in PDF form. Below is the purchase link to the PMBOK Guide in hardcover (from Amazon) Buy the PMBOK Guide Seventh Edition. Step-by-Step Guide to Download the PMBOK Guide (PDF) Now, I will show you how you can download the PMBOK Guide in PDF format for free from the PMI website. Visit pmi.org …The PMBOK® Guide summarizes the tools and techniques associated with quality management in the table shown in Exhibit 1. Project quality management is broken down into three main processes: Quality Planning, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control. At first glance each process group has an imposing list of inputs, tools and techniques, and ...Project managers are responsible for various things on-the-job, including: Identifying project goals and scope. Planning and documenting project tasks. Ensuring deliverables are delivered on-time. Managing all project resources. Effectively communicating with stakeholders. Eliminating blockers and potential risks. ….

PMI's Standards and Publications department announces that it is initiating development to revise The PMBOK® Guide. Building upon the Principles-based Seventh Edition, extensive market research has been conducted to understand best practices in the field and content required to serve the needs of the project management community.The PMBOK guide outlines 12 principles of project management that transcend specific methodologies. These principles provide guidelines and objectives to inform decisions throughout the project lifecycle. Being familiar with these principles will help you lead projects successfully. The principles cover essential topics like leadership, team ...PMBOK 7th edition presents an exciting and transformative shift in the realm of project management. It provides practitioners with updated tools, methodologies, and principles to succeed in the dynamic landscape of project delivery. As we explore the first impressions of this new standard, it becomes evident that the PMBOK 7th edition sets the ...Unlock effective project management in any industry with the PMBOK ® Guide. The world-renowned project management book features The Standard for Project Management , …Here are the ten key knowledge areas outlined in the PMBOK Guide. 1. Project integration management. Project integration management is an essential component of project management. It involves overseeing the processes used to bring together various project elements. This includes the physical and digital features and the people involved in the ...The Standard for Program Management – Fifth Edition (2024). Programs are critical to organizations looking to achieve strategic objectives. From initiation to benefits realization, program managers and teams unite the efforts of related projects to create more benefits than the sum of their component parts. The Standard for Program Management ...The PMBOK® Guide-Sixth Edition - PMI's flagship publication has been updated to reflect the latest good practices in project management. New to the Sixth Edition, each knowledge area will contain a section entitled Approaches for Agile, Iterative and Adaptive Environments, describing how these practices integrate in project settings.Our trainings, tailored for project managers by project management experts, are available both in-person and virtually. With 100+ interactive small-group sessions to choose from, ranging from 1 hour to 4 days, you're sure to find the perfect fit for your professional development. Explore our PMI Training Catalog for upcoming opportunities. Pmbok., PMBOK ® Guide 7 th ed. Underneath the Surface. What is the PMBOK Guide? Understanding and Interpreting; Selecting a Methodology; Enriching the Methodology; …, PMBOK is an abbreviation for Project Management Body of Knowledge, a development by the PMI Project Management Institute as a guide for managing projects. It guides individuals who program and manage projects. It is a standard framework of the project management industry's best practices, guidelines, processes, and terminology., Get an overview of the PMBOK® Guide – Seventh Edition. Learn about the key changes introduced in this edition, as well as what sparked these new approaches to project …, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)—Fifth Edition. Kenneth H. Rose PMP, Kenneth H. Rose PMP. Reviewer. Director, Peninsula Center for Project Management in Hampton, VA, USA. Winner of the 2006 PMI David I. Cleland Project Management Literature Award., FREE PMBOK Management Plan Templates! ... Download a FREE Project Management Plan Template. The Project management plan brings together all of the management plans into a comprehensive whole that shows how the project team will carry out the work, monitor progress, control the outputs and close the project., Guía del PMBOK sexta edicion español. Carlos Jesus. See Full PDF Download PDF. See Full PDF Download PDF. Related Papers. PMBOK Guía 5ta Edición en Español. Jimmy Mino. Download Free PDF View PDF. Guia del PMBOK v6. Jesus B Guerrero. Download Free PDF View PDF. Guía Rapida PMBOK 5th Edición., In 1996, PMI released its first PMBOK Guide; in 2003, its first OPM3. Today, both publications are recognized as leading professional standards for practicing project management and assessing organizational maturity. Building on these successes, and after identifying a need for an approach addressing the increasingly popular practice of …, PMBOK ® Guide. Unlock effective project management in any industry with the PMBOK ® Guide. This renowned book highlights The Standard for Project Management, serving as the foundation for a vast body of knowledge in this field, captured and summarized for your convenience.. Get Started Today, According to the PMBOK, scope management has six processes: Plan Scope Management: Planning the process, and creating a scope management plan. Collect Requirements: Defining and documenting the stakeholder's needs. Define Scope: Developing a detailed project scope statement. Create WBS: Subdividing project deliverables into smaller work units., The PMBOK guide breaks down project management into 49 processes. These are then grouped under process groups or knowledge areas. PMBOK five process groups: Project Initiation Process: Processes needed to launch a new project. Planning Process: Processes defining and planning the project, and how it will be executed., pmbokとは、プロジェクト管理に関するノウハウや手法を体系的にまとめたもので、今ではプロジェクトマネジメントの世界標準（事実上の標準）として世界各国に浸透しています。内容は4年に1度くらいのペースで改訂されています。, First, let's start with some basics: The PMBOK® describes the work breakdown structure as "a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the team". This is a way of describing the work so that the team knows exactly what work is needed in order to meet the goals of the project., In 1996, PMI released its first PMBOK Guide; in 2003, its first OPM3. Today, both publications are recognized as leading professional standards for practicing project management and assessing organizational maturity. Building on these successes, and after identifying a need for an approach addressing the increasingly popular practice of …, The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is a standard set of processes, guidelines, and best practices used in project management. It's broken into five process groups, 10 knowledge areas, and 49 processes. Having a set of standard best practices makes it easier for employers to identify project managers with the knowledge and skills ..., PMBOK - 7. TAHER AMMAR. Download Free PDF View PDF. Pmc. Abdelhamid BENALLEL. Download Free PDF View PDF. ist-muse.org. D B4. 4 MMBB integrated lab trial evaluation report. Raf Huysegems. Download Free PDF View PDF. PROGRAMMING MANUAL PMC FANUC Series 0 -MODEL D FANUC Series 0 Mate-MODEL D. Ismar Betania., The PMBOK® Guide is especially well known for defining 10 critical knowledge areas, which make up the key realms in the Project Management Professional (PMP®) certification exam, which the PMI sponsors. According to the PMI, the 10 knowledge areas of project management are as follows:, 2021년 8월 pmi에서 몇 차례 연기되었던 pmbok 7판을 드디어 릴리즈했습니다. pmbok 을 3판 부터 읽어봤고, 개정 될 때마다 많은 부분들이 변경되었다고 생각했지만, 이번 개정은 pmi가 기존 pmbok 과는 프로젝트 관리를 바라보는 관점 자체를 바꿨다는 생각이 들 정도로 많은 변화가 있었습니다., The only other resource I really used was PMBOK Guide and Andrews other Exam prep practice questions book. My Approach I read/ studied PMP Exam Prep Simplified a couple times went through the practice questions until I started to hit the 80% - 90% range. Felt very confident Skimmed through PMBOK 6 to mainly review topics I was struggling with., A First Look Under the Hood of The PMBOK® Guide - Seventh Edition. A new edition of the PMBOK® Guide came out in 2021. Find out about what changed and what hasn't changed in this preview of the influential resource. Every few years, PMI updates the PMBOK® Guide. This resource is widely viewed as one of the more influential documents in the ..., Jun 3, 2022 · PMBOK stands for Project Management Body of Knowledge and is a process-based project management methodology (actually a framework, but more on that later), developed by the Project Management Institute (PMI). PMBOK constitutes a collection of project management processes, best practices, terminologies, guidelines, and tools accepted as standard ... , Part 1 A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) Page Correction 75, 76 Figs 4-2 and 4-3. Removed bullet for benefits management plan as input for business documents. 89 Table 4-1. Under Project Management Plan, added 19. Management reviews. 98, 99 Figs 4-8, 4-9., This copy is a PMI member benefit, not for distribution, sale or reproduction. II A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) — Fourth Edition ©2008 Project Management Institute, 14 Campus Blvd., Newtown Square, PA 19073-3299 USA, Against this backdrop, the Project Management Institute (PMI) deemed it necessary to update the PMBOK® Guide and reflect these contemporary demands and challenges. In this article, we’ll take you through the updates in the PMBOK® Guide 7th Edition. Although it isn’t included in the 2021 PMP exam, it pays to have up-to-date industry ..., Sep 18, 2016 · Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®) The PMBOK® Guide, published by the Project Management Institute, documents and standardizes generally accepted project management information and practices. The PMBOK® Guide, is a widely accepted critical chain approach to project management. , Last updated on Mar 9, 2023 46157. The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK®) Project Management Guide is used as a reference for most of the Project …, An American National Standard ANSI/PMI 99-001-2008 Project Management Institute A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE (PMBOK® Guide)—Fourth Edition This is a preview of "PMI FS-PMBOK-2008"., According to PMBOK, these are ‘processes that are necessary to monitor, evaluate, and control the progress and performance of a project, identifying all the areas in the plan that require changes, and initiating those changes.’. Examples of activities in this phase are managing costs, scheduling, and the focus on scope. 5., Step 7 - Save PDF File on your device. When prompted, select "Save" to save the PDF to your device. Download the Previous Edition. PMI members can still download the PMBOK ® Guide, 6th Edition. Simply scroll down on the same page and you'll see the section PMBOK ® Guide - Sixth Edition with a drop down list for language selection, and a Download button., The PMBOK® Guide summarizes the tools and techniques associated with quality management in the table shown in Exhibit 1. Project quality management is broken down into three main processes: Quality Planning, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control. At first glance each process group has an imposing list of inputs, tools and techniques, and ..., The PMBOK® Guide – Sixth Edition now contains detailed information about agile; while the Agile Practice Guide, created in partnership with Agile Alliance®, serves as a bridge to connect waterfall and agile. Together they are a …, View free PMI PMBOK courses. Top companies choose Udemy Business to build in-demand career skills. Prepare for the PMP exam with top-rated PMBOK courses from Udemy. Find the best PMBOK course to help you develop your skills as a project manager and get ready for your project management dream job., Qué es PMBOK. PMBOK son las siglas de Project Management Body of Knowledge.Su título en castellano es Guía de los Fundamentos para la Gestión de Proyectos.Una guía desarrollada por el Project Management Institute (PMI) y que cada cierto tiempo (4, 5 años normalmente) se va actualizando con las nuevas tendencias y buenas prácticas en Gestión y Dirección de Proyectos., The PMBOK Guide is known by its adherent as the global standard for project management. It describes a conceptual level of knowledge and practice that are considered essential in the profession of project management. Therefore, the PMBOK Guide offers basic project management information about `what to do' rather than `how to do it'.